Geopolitical risk and the global supply of rare earth permanent magnets: Insights from China’s export trends

The energy transition is highly mineral-intensive, leading to substantial dependencies on a select group of producing countries, which may, in turn, spark new geopolitical tensions. Prominent among these critical minerals are rare earth elements (REEs), with China being the predominant producer. REEs serve as indispensable components in cutting-edge low-carbon technologies, particularly in the realm of offshore wind turbines and electric vehicles, through their crucial role in rare earth permanent magnets (REPM). This paper delves deep into the ramifications of geopolitical risk on the export of rare earth permanent magnets from China, the world’s leading supplier. Utilizing multiple linear regression on Chinese national export figures spanning from 2017 to 2024, the study uncovers that geopolitical risk exerts a markedly positive influence on the supply of rare earth permanent magnets. The results highlight that elevated geopolitical risks in the United States and Australia — China’s primary competitors in the upstream rare earth industry — positively influence REPM exports. Furthermore, the insights reveal that escalating geopolitical risks might significantly shape China’s strategic export volumes.